Component based theming

I'm a front-end developer. I use my custom made CSS framework with sass. I have some jquery knowledge and a little javascript knowledge. I have heard a lot about angular, react, vue, ember etc. But I don't know how can I use them or how they are useful.

I try to explain my needs with some examples.

1- I use jquery ajax to upload and remove image. For this I need define input file and some javascript codes then style with css. For this I want to use something like below. And all html, css, javascript loads

<imageUpload></imageUpload> 

2- I have a nav section in my website. One in the header, one in the footer. They are some except some minor styles. I want to define default nav and have a option to override some values like below.

<myNav></myNav>
<myNav place="footer></myNav>

NOTE: All my codes are imaginary. I don't need and backend features. I'm going to use PHP for that. All I need front end things. (html, css, javascript, jquery, interaction, dom manipulation etc)

You don't have to recommend only one framework. I just need which one/ones are suitable for this job